Spinoza's World

Meeting in the 17th Century of the States General of the United Provinces (Later called Holland or the Netherlands)

Building Where the States General Met

Spinoza's Friend, Johan De Witt, Chief Pensionary (i.e. President) of the States General, and His Brother Cornelius (in the Background)

Political Murder of the De Witt Brothers by a Reactionary Mob

The De Witt Brothers Immortalized

Images of the Hague, Where Spinoza Moved After the De Witt Brothers Were Murdered

Spinoza's House in the Hague

Books by Spinoza (Only the First Two Were Published During Spinoza's Life-Time, the Second One - The Tractatus - Anonymously)

Rene Descartes, Founder of Modern Philosophy and a Great Influence on Spinoza

Letter from Spinoza to the German Philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Euclid's Elements of Geometry, Model for the Rational Method of Spinoza's Ethics

Working Through the Night

Spinoza's Tombstone